Paper Details

The reign of Akbar represents a significant moment in the intellectual and political history of medieval India, particularly in relation to the idea of religious tolerance. Ruling over a vast empire marked by extraordinary religious, cultural, and social diversity, Akbar confronted the complex challenge of maintaining unity without enforcing religious uniformity. This study explores Akbar’s religious vision as a carefully developed framework that sought to reconcile faith, reason, and governance. Moving beyond narrow sectarian loyalties, Akbar articulated a principle of tolerance grounded in ethical universalism, rational inquiry, and respect for individual conscience. His engagement with scholars of various religious traditions, his skepticism toward rigid orthodoxy, and his emphasis on justice as the foundation of sovereignty all contributed to a distinctive outlook that prioritized harmony over dogma. This paper examines how Akbar’s religious vision evolved over time and how it translated into broader principles such as universal peace (Sulh-i-Kul), freedom of belief, and administrative impartiality. By situating Akbar’s approach within the political realities of Mughal rule and the intellectual currents of the sixteenth century, the study argues that his commitment to tolerance was neither accidental nor merely pragmatic. Instead, it was a conscious and innovative response to the moral and political demands of ruling a plural society. The study ultimately highlights the historical significance of Akbar’s religious vision as an early and influential model of pluralism in South Asian history.

Sul - I - Kul, Religious Tolerance, Interfaith Harmony, Ibadat – Khana, Din – I – Ilahi